ceph-csi/pkg/rbd/rbd_util.go

/*
Copyright 2018 The Ceph-CSI Authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package rbd

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"path/filepath"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/ceph/ceph-csi/pkg/util"

	"github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes"
	"github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes/timestamp"
	"github.com/pborman/uuid"
	"github.com/pkg/errors"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/sets"
	"k8s.io/klog"
)

const (
	imageWatcherStr = "watcher="
	rbdImageFormat2 = "2"
	// The following three values are used for 30 seconds timeout
	// while waiting for RBD Watcher to expire.
	rbdImageWatcherInitDelay = 1 * time.Second
	rbdImageWatcherFactor    = 1.4
	rbdImageWatcherSteps     = 10
	rbdDefaultMounter        = "rbd"

	// Output strings returned during invocation of "ceph rbd task add remove <imagespec>" when
	// command is not supported by ceph manager. Used to check errors and recover when the command
	// is unsupported.
	rbdTaskRemoveCmdInvalidString1      = "no valid command found"
	rbdTaskRemoveCmdInvalidString2      = "Error EINVAL: invalid command"
	rbdTaskRemoveCmdAccessDeniedMessage = "Error EACCES:"
)

// rbdVolume represents a CSI volume and its RBD image specifics
type rbdVolume struct {
	// RbdImageName is the name of the RBD image backing this rbdVolume. This does not have a
	//   JSON tag as it is not stashed in JSON encoded config maps in v1.0.0
	// VolID is the volume ID that is exchanged with CSI drivers, identifying this rbdVol
	// RequestName is the CSI generated volume name for the rbdVolume.  This does not have a
	//   JSON tag as it is not stashed in JSON encoded config maps in v1.0.0
	// VolName and MonValueFromSecret are retained from older plugin versions (<= 1.0.0)
	//   for backward compatibility reasons
	RbdImageName       string
	VolID              string `json:"volID"`
	Monitors           string `json:"monitors"`
	Pool               string `json:"pool"`
	ImageFormat        string `json:"imageFormat"`
	ImageFeatures      string `json:"imageFeatures"`
	VolSize            int64  `json:"volSize"`
	AdminID            string `json:"adminId"`
	UserID             string `json:"userId"`
	Mounter            string `json:"mounter"`
	DisableInUseChecks bool   `json:"disableInUseChecks"`
	ClusterID          string `json:"clusterId"`
	RequestName        string
	VolName            string `json:"volName"`
	MonValueFromSecret string `json:"monValueFromSecret"`
}

// rbdSnapshot represents a CSI snapshot and its RBD snapshot specifics
type rbdSnapshot struct {
	// SourceVolumeID is the volume ID of RbdImageName, that is exchanged with CSI drivers
	// RbdImageName is the name of the RBD image, that is this rbdSnapshot's source image
	// RbdSnapName is the name of the RBD snapshot backing this rbdSnapshot
	// SnapID is the snapshot ID that is exchanged with CSI drivers, identifying this rbdSnapshot
	// RequestName is the CSI generated snapshot name for the rbdSnapshot
	SourceVolumeID string
	RbdImageName   string
	RbdSnapName    string
	SnapID         string
	Monitors       string
	Pool           string
	CreatedAt      *timestamp.Timestamp
	SizeBytes      int64
	ClusterID      string
	RequestName    string
}

var (
	supportedFeatures = sets.NewString("layering")
)

// createImage creates a new ceph image with provision and volume options.
func createImage(ctx context.Context, pOpts *rbdVolume, volSz int64, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var output []byte

	image := pOpts.RbdImageName
	volSzMiB := fmt.Sprintf("%dM", volSz)

	if pOpts.ImageFormat == rbdImageFormat2 {
		klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: create %s size %s format %s (features: %s) using mon %s, pool %s"),
			image, volSzMiB, pOpts.ImageFormat, pOpts.ImageFeatures, pOpts.Monitors, pOpts.Pool)
	} else {
		klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: create %s size %s format %s using mon %s, pool %s"), image, volSzMiB, pOpts.ImageFormat, pOpts.Monitors, pOpts.Pool)
	}
	args := []string{"create", image, "--size", volSzMiB, "--pool", pOpts.Pool, "--id", cr.ID, "-m", pOpts.Monitors, "--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile, "--image-format", pOpts.ImageFormat}
	if pOpts.ImageFormat == rbdImageFormat2 {
		args = append(args, "--image-feature", pOpts.ImageFeatures)
	}
	output, err := execCommand("rbd", args)

	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to create rbd image, command output: %s", string(output))
	}

	return nil
}

// rbdStatus checks if there is watcher on the image.
// It returns true if there is a watcher on the image, otherwise returns false.
func rbdStatus(ctx context.Context, pOpts *rbdVolume, cr *util.Credentials) (bool, string, error) {
	var output string
	var cmd []byte

	image := pOpts.RbdImageName

	klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: status %s using mon %s, pool %s"), image, pOpts.Monitors, pOpts.Pool)
	args := []string{"status", image, "--pool", pOpts.Pool, "-m", pOpts.Monitors, "--id", cr.ID, "--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile}
	cmd, err := execCommand("rbd", args)
	output = string(cmd)

	if err, ok := err.(*exec.Error); ok {
		if err.Err == exec.ErrNotFound {
			klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "rbd cmd not found"))
			// fail fast if command not found
			return false, output, err
		}
	}

	// If command never succeed, returns its last error.
	if err != nil {
		return false, output, err
	}

	if strings.Contains(output, imageWatcherStr) {
		klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: watchers on %s: %s"), image, output)
		return true, output, nil
	}
	klog.Warningf(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: no watchers on %s"), image)
	return false, output, nil
}

// rbdManagerTaskDelete adds a ceph manager task to delete an rbd image, thus deleting
// it asynchronously. If command is not found returns a bool set to false
func rbdManagerTaskDeleteImage(ctx context.Context, pOpts *rbdVolume, cr *util.Credentials) (bool, error) {
	var output []byte

	args := []string{"rbd", "task", "add", "remove",
		pOpts.Pool + "/" + pOpts.RbdImageName,
		"--id", cr.ID,
		"--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile,
		"-m", pOpts.Monitors,
	}

	output, err := execCommand("ceph", args)
	if err != nil {
		if strings.Contains(string(output), rbdTaskRemoveCmdInvalidString1) &&
			strings.Contains(string(output), rbdTaskRemoveCmdInvalidString2) {
			klog.Infof(util.Log(ctx, "cluster with cluster ID (%s) does not support Ceph manager based rbd image"+
				" deletion (minimum ceph version required is v14.2.3)"), pOpts.ClusterID)
			return false, err
		} else if strings.HasPrefix(string(output), rbdTaskRemoveCmdAccessDeniedMessage) {
			klog.Infof(util.Log(ctx, "access denied to Ceph MGR-based RBD image deletion "+
				"on cluster ID (%s)"), pOpts.ClusterID)
			return false, err
		}
	}

	return true, err
}

// deleteImage deletes a ceph image with provision and volume options.
func deleteImage(ctx context.Context, pOpts *rbdVolume, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var output []byte

	image := pOpts.RbdImageName
	found, _, err := rbdStatus(ctx, pOpts, cr)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if found {
		klog.Info(util.Log(ctx, "rbd is still being used "), image)
		return fmt.Errorf("rbd %s is still being used", image)
	}

	klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: rm %s using mon %s, pool %s"), image, pOpts.Monitors, pOpts.Pool)

	// attempt to use Ceph manager based deletion support if available
	rbdCephMgrSupported, err := rbdManagerTaskDeleteImage(ctx, pOpts, cr)
	if !rbdCephMgrSupported {
		// attempt older style deletion
		args := []string{"rm", image, "--pool", pOpts.Pool, "--id", cr.ID, "-m", pOpts.Monitors,
			"--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile}
		output, err = execCommand("rbd", args)
	}

	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "failed to delete rbd image: %v, command output: %s"), err, string(output))
	}

	return err
}

// updateSnapWithImageInfo updates provided rbdSnapshot with information from on-disk data
// regarding the same
func updateSnapWithImageInfo(ctx context.Context, rbdSnap *rbdSnapshot, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	snapInfo, err := getSnapInfo(ctx, rbdSnap.Monitors, cr, rbdSnap.Pool,
		rbdSnap.RbdImageName, rbdSnap.RbdSnapName)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	rbdSnap.SizeBytes = snapInfo.Size

	tm, err := time.Parse(time.ANSIC, snapInfo.Timestamp)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	rbdSnap.CreatedAt, err = ptypes.TimestampProto(tm)

	return err
}

// updateVolWithImageInfo updates provided rbdVolume with information from on-disk data
// regarding the same
func updateVolWithImageInfo(ctx context.Context, rbdVol *rbdVolume, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	imageInfo, err := getImageInfo(ctx, rbdVol.Monitors, cr, rbdVol.Pool, rbdVol.RbdImageName)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if imageInfo.Format != 2 {
		return fmt.Errorf("unknown or unsupported image format (%d) returned for image (%s)",
			imageInfo.Format, rbdVol.RbdImageName)
	}
	rbdVol.ImageFormat = rbdImageFormat2

	rbdVol.VolSize = imageInfo.Size
	rbdVol.ImageFeatures = strings.Join(imageInfo.Features, ",")

	return nil
}

// genSnapFromSnapID generates a rbdSnapshot structure from the provided identifier, updating
// the structure with elements from on-disk snapshot metadata as well
func genSnapFromSnapID(ctx context.Context, rbdSnap *rbdSnapshot, snapshotID string, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var (
		options map[string]string
		vi      util.CSIIdentifier
	)
	options = make(map[string]string)

	rbdSnap.SnapID = snapshotID

	err := vi.DecomposeCSIID(rbdSnap.SnapID)
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "error decoding snapshot ID (%s) (%s)"), err, rbdSnap.SnapID)
		return err
	}

	rbdSnap.ClusterID = vi.ClusterID
	options["clusterID"] = rbdSnap.ClusterID
	rbdSnap.RbdSnapName = snapJournal.NamingPrefix() + vi.ObjectUUID

	rbdSnap.Monitors, _, err = getMonsAndClusterID(ctx, options)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	rbdSnap.Pool, err = util.GetPoolName(ctx, rbdSnap.Monitors, cr, vi.LocationID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	rbdSnap.RequestName, rbdSnap.RbdImageName, err = snapJournal.GetObjectUUIDData(ctx, rbdSnap.Monitors,
		cr, rbdSnap.Pool, vi.ObjectUUID, true)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = updateSnapWithImageInfo(ctx, rbdSnap, cr)

	return err
}

// genVolFromVolID generates a rbdVolume structure from the provided identifier, updating
// the structure with elements from on-disk image metadata as well
func genVolFromVolID(ctx context.Context, rbdVol *rbdVolume, volumeID string, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var (
		options map[string]string
		vi      util.CSIIdentifier
	)
	options = make(map[string]string)

	// rbdVolume fields that are not filled up in this function are:
	//		Mounter, MultiNodeWritable
	rbdVol.VolID = volumeID

	err := vi.DecomposeCSIID(rbdVol.VolID)
	if err != nil {
		err = fmt.Errorf("error decoding volume ID (%s) (%s)", err, rbdVol.VolID)
		return ErrInvalidVolID{err}
	}

	rbdVol.ClusterID = vi.ClusterID
	options["clusterID"] = rbdVol.ClusterID
	rbdVol.RbdImageName = volJournal.NamingPrefix() + vi.ObjectUUID

	rbdVol.Monitors, _, err = getMonsAndClusterID(ctx, options)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	rbdVol.Pool, err = util.GetPoolName(ctx, rbdVol.Monitors, cr, vi.LocationID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	rbdVol.RequestName, _, err = volJournal.GetObjectUUIDData(ctx, rbdVol.Monitors, cr,
		rbdVol.Pool, vi.ObjectUUID, false)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	err = updateVolWithImageInfo(ctx, rbdVol, cr)

	return err
}

func execCommand(command string, args []string) ([]byte, error) {
	// #nosec
	cmd := exec.Command(command, args...)
	return cmd.CombinedOutput()
}

func getMonsAndClusterID(ctx context.Context, options map[string]string) (monitors, clusterID string, err error) {
	var ok bool

	if clusterID, ok = options["clusterID"]; !ok {
		err = errors.New("clusterID must be set")
		return
	}

	if monitors, err = util.Mons(csiConfigFile, clusterID); err != nil {
		klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "failed getting mons (%s)"), err)
		err = errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to fetch monitor list using clusterID (%s)", clusterID)
		return
	}

	return
}

// isLegacyVolumeID checks if passed in volume ID string conforms to volume ID naming scheme used
// by the version 1.0.0 (legacy) of the plugin, and returns true if found to be conforming
func isLegacyVolumeID(volumeID string) bool {
	// Version 1.0.0 volumeID format: "csi-rbd-vol-" + UUID string
	//    length: 12 ("csi-rbd-vol-") + 36 (UUID string)

	// length check
	if len(volumeID) != 48 {
		return false
	}

	// Header check
	if !strings.HasPrefix(volumeID, "csi-rbd-vol-") {
		return false
	}

	// Trailer UUID format check
	if uuid.Parse(volumeID[12:]) == nil {
		return false
	}

	return true
}

// upadateMons function is used to update the rbdVolume.Monitors for volumes that were provisioned
// using the 1.0.0 version (legacy) of the plugin.
func updateMons(rbdVol *rbdVolume, options, credentials map[string]string) error {
	var ok bool

	// read monitors and MonValueFromSecret from options, else check passed in rbdVolume for
	// MonValueFromSecret key in credentials
	monInSecret := ""
	if options != nil {
		if rbdVol.Monitors, ok = options["monitors"]; !ok {
			rbdVol.Monitors = ""
		}
		if monInSecret, ok = options["monValueFromSecret"]; !ok {
			monInSecret = ""
		}
	} else {
		monInSecret = rbdVol.MonValueFromSecret
	}

	// if monitors are present in secrets and we have the credentials, use monitors from the
	// credentials overriding monitors from other sources
	if monInSecret != "" && credentials != nil {
		monsFromSecret, ok := credentials[monInSecret]
		if ok {
			rbdVol.Monitors = monsFromSecret
		}
	}

	if rbdVol.Monitors == "" {
		return errors.New("either monitors or monValueFromSecret must be set")
	}

	return nil
}

func genVolFromVolumeOptions(ctx context.Context, volOptions, credentials map[string]string, disableInUseChecks, isLegacyVolume bool) (*rbdVolume, error) {
	var (
		ok  bool
		err error
	)

	rbdVol := &rbdVolume{}
	rbdVol.Pool, ok = volOptions["pool"]
	if !ok {
		return nil, errors.New("missing required parameter pool")
	}

	if isLegacyVolume {
		err = updateMons(rbdVol, volOptions, credentials)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else {
		rbdVol.Monitors, rbdVol.ClusterID, err = getMonsAndClusterID(ctx, volOptions)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	rbdVol.ImageFormat, ok = volOptions["imageFormat"]
	if !ok {
		rbdVol.ImageFormat = rbdImageFormat2
	}

	if rbdVol.ImageFormat == rbdImageFormat2 {
		// if no image features is provided, it results in empty string
		// which disable all RBD image format 2 features as we expected
		imageFeatures, found := volOptions["imageFeatures"]
		if found {
			arr := strings.Split(imageFeatures, ",")
			for _, f := range arr {
				if !supportedFeatures.Has(f) {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid feature %q for volume csi-rbdplugin, supported"+
						" features are: %v", f, supportedFeatures)
				}
			}
			rbdVol.ImageFeatures = imageFeatures
		}
	}

	klog.V(3).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "setting disableInUseChecks on rbd volume to: %v"), disableInUseChecks)
	rbdVol.DisableInUseChecks = disableInUseChecks

	rbdVol.Mounter, ok = volOptions["mounter"]
	if !ok {
		rbdVol.Mounter = rbdDefaultMounter
	}

	return rbdVol, nil
}

func genSnapFromOptions(ctx context.Context, rbdVol *rbdVolume, snapOptions map[string]string) *rbdSnapshot {
	var err error

	rbdSnap := &rbdSnapshot{}
	rbdSnap.Pool = rbdVol.Pool

	rbdSnap.Monitors, rbdSnap.ClusterID, err = getMonsAndClusterID(ctx, snapOptions)
	if err != nil {
		rbdSnap.Monitors = rbdVol.Monitors
		rbdSnap.ClusterID = rbdVol.ClusterID
	}

	return rbdSnap
}

func hasSnapshotFeature(imageFeatures string) bool {
	arr := strings.Split(imageFeatures, ",")
	for _, f := range arr {
		if f == "layering" {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func protectSnapshot(ctx context.Context, pOpts *rbdSnapshot, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var output []byte

	image := pOpts.RbdImageName
	snapName := pOpts.RbdSnapName

	klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: snap protect %s using mon %s, pool %s "), image, pOpts.Monitors, pOpts.Pool)
	args := []string{"snap", "protect", "--pool", pOpts.Pool, "--snap", snapName, image, "--id",
		cr.ID, "-m", pOpts.Monitors, "--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile}

	output, err := execCommand("rbd", args)

	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to protect snapshot, command output: %s", string(output))
	}

	return nil
}

func createSnapshot(ctx context.Context, pOpts *rbdSnapshot, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var output []byte

	image := pOpts.RbdImageName
	snapName := pOpts.RbdSnapName

	klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: snap create %s using mon %s, pool %s"), image, pOpts.Monitors, pOpts.Pool)
	args := []string{"snap", "create", "--pool", pOpts.Pool, "--snap", snapName, image,
		"--id", cr.ID, "-m", pOpts.Monitors, "--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile}

	output, err := execCommand("rbd", args)

	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to create snapshot, command output: %s", string(output))
	}

	return nil
}

func unprotectSnapshot(ctx context.Context, pOpts *rbdSnapshot, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var output []byte

	image := pOpts.RbdImageName
	snapName := pOpts.RbdSnapName

	klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: snap unprotect %s using mon %s, pool %s"), image, pOpts.Monitors, pOpts.Pool)
	args := []string{"snap", "unprotect", "--pool", pOpts.Pool, "--snap", snapName, image, "--id",
		cr.ID, "-m", pOpts.Monitors, "--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile}

	output, err := execCommand("rbd", args)

	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to unprotect snapshot, command output: %s", string(output))
	}

	return nil
}

func deleteSnapshot(ctx context.Context, pOpts *rbdSnapshot, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var output []byte

	image := pOpts.RbdImageName
	snapName := pOpts.RbdSnapName

	klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: snap rm %s using mon %s, pool %s"), image, pOpts.Monitors, pOpts.Pool)
	args := []string{"snap", "rm", "--pool", pOpts.Pool, "--snap", snapName, image, "--id",
		cr.ID, "-m", pOpts.Monitors, "--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile}

	output, err := execCommand("rbd", args)

	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to delete snapshot, command output: %s", string(output))
	}

	if err := undoSnapReservation(ctx, pOpts, cr); err != nil {
		klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "failed to remove reservation for snapname (%s) with backing snap (%s) on image (%s) (%s)"),
			pOpts.RequestName, pOpts.RbdSnapName, pOpts.RbdImageName, err)
	}

	return nil
}

func restoreSnapshot(ctx context.Context, pVolOpts *rbdVolume, pSnapOpts *rbdSnapshot, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	var output []byte

	image := pVolOpts.RbdImageName
	snapName := pSnapOpts.RbdSnapName

	klog.V(4).Infof(util.Log(ctx, "rbd: clone %s using mon %s, pool %s"), image, pVolOpts.Monitors, pVolOpts.Pool)
	args := []string{"clone", pSnapOpts.Pool + "/" + pSnapOpts.RbdImageName + "@" + snapName,
		pVolOpts.Pool + "/" + image, "--id", cr.ID, "-m", pVolOpts.Monitors, "--keyfile=" + cr.KeyFile}

	output, err := execCommand("rbd", args)

	if err != nil {
		return errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to restore snapshot, command output: %s", string(output))
	}

	return nil
}

// getSnapshotMetadata fetches on-disk metadata about the snapshot and populates the passed in
// rbdSnapshot structure
func getSnapshotMetadata(ctx context.Context, pSnapOpts *rbdSnapshot, cr *util.Credentials) error {
	imageName := pSnapOpts.RbdImageName
	snapName := pSnapOpts.RbdSnapName

	snapInfo, err := getSnapInfo(ctx, pSnapOpts.Monitors, cr, pSnapOpts.Pool, imageName, snapName)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	pSnapOpts.SizeBytes = snapInfo.Size

	tm, err := time.Parse(time.ANSIC, snapInfo.Timestamp)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	pSnapOpts.CreatedAt, err = ptypes.TimestampProto(tm)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

// imageInfo strongly typed JSON spec for image info
type imageInfo struct {
	ObjectUUID string   `json:"name"`
	Size       int64    `json:"size"`
	Format     int64    `json:"format"`
	Features   []string `json:"features"`
	CreatedAt  string   `json:"create_timestamp"`
}

// getImageInfo queries rbd about the given image and returns its metadata, and returns
// ErrImageNotFound if provided image is not found
func getImageInfo(ctx context.Context, monitors string, cr *util.Credentials, poolName, imageName string) (imageInfo, error) {
	// rbd --format=json info [image-spec | snap-spec]

	var imgInfo imageInfo

	stdout, stderr, err := util.ExecCommand(
		"rbd",
		"-m", monitors,
		"--id", cr.ID,
		"--keyfile="+cr.KeyFile,
		"-c", util.CephConfigPath,
		"--format="+"json",
		"info", poolName+"/"+imageName)
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "failed getting information for image (%s): (%s)"), poolName+"/"+imageName, err)
		if strings.Contains(string(stderr), "rbd: error opening image "+imageName+
			": (2) No such file or directory") {
			return imgInfo, ErrImageNotFound{imageName, err}
		}
		return imgInfo, err
	}

	err = json.Unmarshal(stdout, &imgInfo)
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "failed to parse JSON output of image info (%s): (%s)"),
			poolName+"/"+imageName, err)
		return imgInfo, fmt.Errorf("unmarshal failed: %+v.  raw buffer response: %s",
			err, string(stdout))
	}

	return imgInfo, nil
}

// snapInfo strongly typed JSON spec for snap ls rbd output
type snapInfo struct {
	ID        int64  `json:"id"`
	Name      string `json:"name"`
	Size      int64  `json:"size"`
	Timestamp string `json:"timestamp"`
}

/*
getSnapInfo queries rbd about the snapshots of the given image and returns its metadata, and
returns ErrImageNotFound if provided image is not found, and ErrSnapNotFound if provided snap
is not found in the images snapshot list
*/
func getSnapInfo(ctx context.Context, monitors string, cr *util.Credentials, poolName, imageName, snapName string) (snapInfo, error) {
	// rbd --format=json snap ls [image-spec]

	var (
		snpInfo snapInfo
		snaps   []snapInfo
	)

	stdout, stderr, err := util.ExecCommand(
		"rbd",
		"-m", monitors,
		"--id", cr.ID,
		"--keyfile="+cr.KeyFile,
		"-c", util.CephConfigPath,
		"--format="+"json",
		"snap", "ls", poolName+"/"+imageName)
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "failed getting snap (%s) information from image (%s): (%s)"),
			snapName, poolName+"/"+imageName, err)
		if strings.Contains(string(stderr), "rbd: error opening image "+imageName+
			": (2) No such file or directory") {
			return snpInfo, ErrImageNotFound{imageName, err}
		}
		return snpInfo, err
	}

	err = json.Unmarshal(stdout, &snaps)
	if err != nil {
		klog.Errorf(util.Log(ctx, "failed to parse JSON output of image snap list (%s): (%s)"),
			poolName+"/"+imageName, err)
		return snpInfo, fmt.Errorf("unmarshal failed: %+v. raw buffer response: %s",
			err, string(stdout))
	}

	for _, snap := range snaps {
		if snap.Name == snapName {
			return snap, nil
		}
	}

	return snpInfo, ErrSnapNotFound{snapName, fmt.Errorf("snap (%s) for image (%s) not found",
		snapName, poolName+"/"+imageName)}
}

// rbdImageMetadataStash strongly typed JSON spec for stashed RBD image metadata
type rbdImageMetadataStash struct {
	Version   int    `json:"Version"`
	Pool      string `json:"pool"`
	ImageName string `json:"image"`
	NbdAccess bool   `json:"accessType"`
}

// file name in which image metadata is stashed
const stashFileName = "image-meta.json"

// stashRBDImageMetadata stashes required fields into the stashFileName at the passed in path, in
// JSON format
func stashRBDImageMetadata(volOptions *rbdVolume, path string) error {
	var imgMeta = rbdImageMetadataStash{
		Version:   1, // Stash a v1 for now, in case of changes later, there are no checks for this at present
		Pool:      volOptions.Pool,
		ImageName: volOptions.RbdImageName,
	}

	imgMeta.NbdAccess = false
	if volOptions.Mounter == rbdTonbd && hasNBD {
		imgMeta.NbdAccess = true
	}

	encodedBytes, err := json.Marshal(imgMeta)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshall JSON image metadata for image (%s) in pool (%s): (%v)",
			volOptions.RbdImageName, volOptions.Pool, err)
	}

	fPath := filepath.Join(path, stashFileName)
	err = ioutil.WriteFile(fPath, encodedBytes, 0600)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to stash JSON image metadata for image (%s) in pool (%s) at path (%s): (%v)",
			volOptions.RbdImageName, volOptions.Pool, fPath, err)
	}

	return nil
}

// lookupRBDImageMetadataStash reads and returns stashed image metadata at passed in path
func lookupRBDImageMetadataStash(path string) (rbdImageMetadataStash, error) {
	var imgMeta rbdImageMetadataStash

	fPath := filepath.Join(path, stashFileName)
	encodedBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(fPath) // #nosec - intended reading from fPath
	if err != nil {
		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
			return imgMeta, fmt.Errorf("failed to read stashed JSON image metadata from path (%s): (%v)", fPath, err)
		}

		return imgMeta, ErrMissingStash{err}
	}

	err = json.Unmarshal(encodedBytes, &imgMeta)
	if err != nil {
		return imgMeta, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshall stashed JSON image metadata from path (%s): (%v)", fPath, err)
	}

	return imgMeta, nil
}

// cleanupRBDImageMetadataStash cleans up any stashed metadata at passed in path
func cleanupRBDImageMetadataStash(path string) error {
	fPath := filepath.Join(path, stashFileName)
	if err := os.Remove(fPath); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to cleanup stashed JSON data (%s): (%v)", fPath, err)
	}

	return nil
}