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248 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
248 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# Go gRPC Interceptors for Prometheus monitoring
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[](https://travis-ci.org/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus)
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[](http://goreportcard.com/report/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus)
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[](https://godoc.org/github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus)
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[](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus/?badge)
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[](https://codecov.io/gh/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus)
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[](LICENSE)
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[Prometheus](https://prometheus.io/) monitoring for your [gRPC Go](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go) servers and clients.
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A sister implementation for [gRPC Java](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-java) (same metrics, same semantics) is in [grpc-ecosystem/java-grpc-prometheus](https://github.com/grpc-ecosystem/java-grpc-prometheus).
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## Interceptors
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[gRPC Go](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go) recently acquired support for Interceptors, i.e. middleware that is executed
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by a gRPC Server before the request is passed onto the user's application logic. It is a perfect way to implement
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common patterns: auth, logging and... monitoring.
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To use Interceptors in chains, please see [`go-grpc-middleware`](https://github.com/mwitkow/go-grpc-middleware).
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## Usage
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There are two types of interceptors: client-side and server-side. This package provides monitoring Interceptors for both.
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### Server-side
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```go
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import "github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus"
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...
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// Initialize your gRPC server's interceptor.
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myServer := grpc.NewServer(
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grpc.StreamInterceptor(grpc_prometheus.StreamServerInterceptor),
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grpc.UnaryInterceptor(grpc_prometheus.UnaryServerInterceptor),
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)
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// Register your gRPC service implementations.
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myservice.RegisterMyServiceServer(s.server, &myServiceImpl{})
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// After all your registrations, make sure all of the Prometheus metrics are initialized.
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grpc_prometheus.Register(myServer)
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// Register Prometheus metrics handler.
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http.Handle("/metrics", promhttp.Handler())
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...
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```
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### Client-side
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```go
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import "github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus"
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...
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clientConn, err = grpc.Dial(
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address,
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grpc.WithUnaryInterceptor(grpc_prometheus.UnaryClientInterceptor),
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grpc.WithStreamInterceptor(grpc_prometheus.StreamClientInterceptor)
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)
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client = pb_testproto.NewTestServiceClient(clientConn)
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resp, err := client.PingEmpty(s.ctx, &myservice.Request{Msg: "hello"})
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...
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```
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# Metrics
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## Labels
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All server-side metrics start with `grpc_server` as Prometheus subsystem name. All client-side metrics start with `grpc_client`. Both of them have mirror-concepts. Similarly all methods
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contain the same rich labels:
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* `grpc_service` - the [gRPC service](http://www.grpc.io/docs/#defining-a-service) name, which is the combination of protobuf `package` and
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the `grpc_service` section name. E.g. for `package = mwitkow.testproto` and
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`service TestService` the label will be `grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService"`
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* `grpc_method` - the name of the method called on the gRPC service. E.g.
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`grpc_method="Ping"`
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* `grpc_type` - the gRPC [type of request](http://www.grpc.io/docs/guides/concepts.html#rpc-life-cycle).
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Differentiating between the two is important especially for latency measurements.
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- `unary` is single request, single response RPC
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- `client_stream` is a multi-request, single response RPC
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- `server_stream` is a single request, multi-response RPC
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- `bidi_stream` is a multi-request, multi-response RPC
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Additionally for completed RPCs, the following labels are used:
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* `grpc_code` - the human-readable [gRPC status code](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/blob/master/codes/codes.go).
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The list of all statuses is to long, but here are some common ones:
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- `OK` - means the RPC was successful
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- `IllegalArgument` - RPC contained bad values
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- `Internal` - server-side error not disclosed to the clients
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## Counters
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The counters and their up to date documentation is in [server_reporter.go](server_reporter.go) and [client_reporter.go](client_reporter.go)
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the respective Prometheus handler (usually `/metrics`).
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For the purpose of this documentation we will only discuss `grpc_server` metrics. The `grpc_client` ones contain mirror concepts.
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For simplicity, let's assume we're tracking a single server-side RPC call of [`mwitkow.testproto.TestService`](examples/testproto/test.proto),
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calling the method `PingList`. The call succeeds and returns 20 messages in the stream.
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First, immediately after the server receives the call it will increment the
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`grpc_server_started_total` and start the handling time clock (if histograms are enabled).
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```jsoniq
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grpc_server_started_total{grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 1
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```
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Then the user logic gets invoked. It receives one message from the client containing the request
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(it's a `server_stream`):
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```jsoniq
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grpc_server_msg_received_total{grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 1
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```
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The user logic may return an error, or send multiple messages back to the client. In this case, on
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each of the 20 messages sent back, a counter will be incremented:
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```jsoniq
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grpc_server_msg_sent_total{grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 20
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```
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After the call completes, its status (`OK` or other [gRPC status code](https://github.com/grpc/grpc-go/blob/master/codes/codes.go))
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and the relevant call labels increment the `grpc_server_handled_total` counter.
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```jsoniq
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grpc_server_handled_total{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 1
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```
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## Histograms
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[Prometheus histograms](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram) are a great way
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to measure latency distributions of your RPCs. However, since it is bad practice to have metrics
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of [high cardinality](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/instrumentation/#do-not-overuse-labels)
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the latency monitoring metrics are disabled by default. To enable them please call the following
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in your server initialization code:
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```jsoniq
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grpc_prometheus.EnableHandlingTimeHistogram()
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```
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After the call completes, its handling time will be recorded in a [Prometheus histogram](https://prometheus.io/docs/concepts/metric_types/#histogram)
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variable `grpc_server_handling_seconds`. The histogram variable contains three sub-metrics:
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* `grpc_server_handling_seconds_count` - the count of all completed RPCs by status and method
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* `grpc_server_handling_seconds_sum` - cumulative time of RPCs by status and method, useful for
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calculating average handling times
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* `grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket` - contains the counts of RPCs by status and method in respective
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handling-time buckets. These buckets can be used by Prometheus to estimate SLAs (see [here](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/histograms/))
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The counter values will look as follows:
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```jsoniq
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.005"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.01"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.025"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.05"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.1"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.25"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="0.5"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="1"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="2.5"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="5"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="10"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream",le="+Inf"} 1
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_sum{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 0.0003866430000000001
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grpc_server_handling_seconds_count{grpc_code="OK",grpc_method="PingList",grpc_service="mwitkow.testproto.TestService",grpc_type="server_stream"} 1
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```
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## Useful query examples
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Prometheus philosophy is to provide raw metrics to the monitoring system, and
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let the aggregations be handled there. The verbosity of above metrics make it possible to have that
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flexibility. Here's a couple of useful monitoring queries:
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### request inbound rate
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```jsoniq
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sum(rate(grpc_server_started_total{job="foo"}[1m])) by (grpc_service)
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```
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For `job="foo"` (common label to differentiate between Prometheus monitoring targets), calculate the
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rate of requests per second (1 minute window) for each gRPC `grpc_service` that the job has. Please note
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how the `grpc_method` is being omitted here: all methods of a given gRPC service will be summed together.
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### unary request error rate
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```jsoniq
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sum(rate(grpc_server_handled_total{job="foo",grpc_type="unary",grpc_code!="OK"}[1m])) by (grpc_service)
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```
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For `job="foo"`, calculate the per-`grpc_service` rate of `unary` (1:1) RPCs that failed, i.e. the
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ones that didn't finish with `OK` code.
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### unary request error percentage
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```jsoniq
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sum(rate(grpc_server_handled_total{job="foo",grpc_type="unary",grpc_code!="OK"}[1m])) by (grpc_service)
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/
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sum(rate(grpc_server_started_total{job="foo",grpc_type="unary"}[1m])) by (grpc_service)
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* 100.0
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```
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For `job="foo"`, calculate the percentage of failed requests by service. It's easy to notice that
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this is a combination of the two above examples. This is an example of a query you would like to
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[alert on](https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/rules/) in your system for SLA violations, e.g.
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"no more than 1% requests should fail".
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### average response stream size
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```jsoniq
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sum(rate(grpc_server_msg_sent_total{job="foo",grpc_type="server_stream"}[10m])) by (grpc_service)
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/
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sum(rate(grpc_server_started_total{job="foo",grpc_type="server_stream"}[10m])) by (grpc_service)
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```
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For `job="foo"` what is the `grpc_service`-wide `10m` average of messages returned for all `
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server_stream` RPCs. This allows you to track the stream sizes returned by your system, e.g. allows
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you to track when clients started to send "wide" queries that ret
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Note the divisor is the number of started RPCs, in order to account for in-flight requests.
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### 99%-tile latency of unary requests
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```jsoniq
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histogram_quantile(0.99,
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sum(rate(grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{job="foo",grpc_type="unary"}[5m])) by (grpc_service,le)
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)
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```
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For `job="foo"`, returns an 99%-tile [quantile estimation](https://prometheus.io/docs/practices/histograms/#quantiles)
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of the handling time of RPCs per service. Please note the `5m` rate, this means that the quantile
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estimation will take samples in a rolling `5m` window. When combined with other quantiles
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(e.g. 50%, 90%), this query gives you tremendous insight into the responsiveness of your system
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(e.g. impact of caching).
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### percentage of slow unary queries (>250ms)
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```jsoniq
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100.0 - (
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sum(rate(grpc_server_handling_seconds_bucket{job="foo",grpc_type="unary",le="0.25"}[5m])) by (grpc_service)
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/
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sum(rate(grpc_server_handling_seconds_count{job="foo",grpc_type="unary"}[5m])) by (grpc_service)
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) * 100.0
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```
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For `job="foo"` calculate the by-`grpc_service` fraction of slow requests that took longer than `0.25`
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seconds. This query is relatively complex, since the Prometheus aggregations use `le` (less or equal)
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buckets, meaning that counting "fast" requests fractions is easier. However, simple maths helps.
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This is an example of a query you would like to alert on in your system for SLA violations,
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e.g. "less than 1% of requests are slower than 250ms".
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## Status
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This code has been used since August 2015 as the basis for monitoring of *production* gRPC micro services at [Improbable](https://improbable.io).
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## License
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`go-grpc-prometheus` is released under the Apache 2.0 license. See the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for details.
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